{"id":74339,"date":"2025-03-14T09:12:41","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T08:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/?p=74339"},"modified":"2025-03-14T09:17:39","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T08:17:39","slug":"jazykove-prostredky-tropy-figury","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/blog\/jazykove-prostredky-tropy-figury\/","title":{"rendered":"Jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky: Tropy a figury"},"content":{"rendered":"

Um\u011bn\u00ed slov: Jak jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky formuj\u00ed na\u0161e texty<\/h3>\n

Co spojuje Shakespeara, Karla Hynka M\u00e1chu a modern\u00ed rap? Mistrovsk\u00e9 ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka! Jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky jsou kl\u00ed\u010dem k tomu, aby texty z\u00edskaly hloubku, emoce a\u00a0jedine\u010dnost. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si vysv\u011btl\u00edme, co jsou tropy a figury, jak je poznat a jak je vyu\u017e\u00edt ve vlastn\u00ed tvorb\u011b.<\/p>\n

Co jsou jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky?<\/h3>\n

Jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky jsou speci\u00e1ln\u00ed techniky a postupy, kter\u00e9 obohacuj\u00ed jazykov\u00fd projev. D\u011bl\u00edme je do dvou hlavn\u00edch skupin:<\/p>\n

Tropy <\/strong>\u2013 hraj\u00ed si s v\u00fdznamem slov<\/p>\n

Tropy p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed v\u00fdznam slov na z\u00e1klad\u011b podobnosti, kontrastu nebo jin\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed obrazn\u00fdch p\u0159edstav.<\/p>\n

Figury <\/strong>\u2013 pracuj\u00ed se slovosledem a zvukem<\/p>\n

Figury ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed rytmus, zvukovou skladbu nebo strukturu v\u011bt a ver\u0161\u016f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tropy a jejich p\u0159\u00edklady<\/h3>\n
Metafora \u2013 p\u0159enesen\u00ed v\u00fdznamu na z\u00e1klad\u011b podobnosti<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eJej\u00ed o\u010di byly dv\u011b hlubok\u00e9 studny.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Personifikace \u2013 p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed v\u011bcem a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm jev\u016fm<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eStromy \u0161eptaly sv\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed v\u011btru.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed dvou jev\u016f pomoc\u00ed spojek \u201ejako\u201c, \u201ejak\u201c<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eByl rychl\u00fd jako blesk.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Metonymie \u2013 nahrazen\u00ed slova jin\u00fdm na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u011bcn\u00e9 souvislosti<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201ePoslouch\u00e1m Mozarta.\u201c<\/em> (m\u00edsto \u201ehudbu od Mozarta\u201c)<\/p>\n

Synekdocha \u2013 pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pro celek nebo naopak<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eP\u0159i\u0161lo sto hlav.\u201c<\/em> (m\u00edsto \u201esto lid\u00ed\u201c)<\/p>\n

Hyperbola \u2013 nads\u00e1zka pro zd\u016frazn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdznamu<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201e\u010cekal jsem na tebe celou v\u011b\u010dnost!\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Eufemismus \u2013 zjemn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdrazu, aby zn\u011bl m\u00e9n\u011b tvrd\u011b<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eOde\u0161el na v\u011b\u010dnost.\u201c<\/em> (m\u00edsto \u201ezem\u0159el\u201c)<\/p>\n

Dysfemismus \u2013 zes\u00edlen\u00ed v\u00fdrazu s negativn\u00edm n\u00e1dechem<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eVylet\u011bl z pr\u00e1ce na hodinu.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Ironie \u2013 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed opaku skute\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eNo to se ti fakt povedlo!\u201c<\/em> (kdy\u017e se n\u011bco nepoda\u0159\u00ed)<\/p>\n

Oxym\u00f3ron \u2013 spojen\u00ed dvou protikladn\u00fdch pojm\u016f<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201e\u017div\u00e1 mrtvola.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Figury v literatu\u0159e i ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u0159e\u010di<\/h3>\n
Anafora \u2013 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed slov na za\u010d\u00e1tku ver\u0161\u016f nebo v\u011bt<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eM\u00e1m r\u00e1d slunce. M\u00e1m r\u00e1d mo\u0159e. M\u00e1m r\u00e1d v\u00edtr.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Epifora \u2013 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed slov na konci ver\u0161\u016f nebo v\u011bt<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eU\u017e nikdy neodejde. Nikdy neodejde.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Epanastrofa \u2013 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed slova na konci jedn\u00e9 v\u011bty a na za\u010d\u00e1tku druh\u00e9<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eOna ode\u0161la. Ode\u0161la a u\u017e se nevr\u00e1t\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Gradace \u2013 stup\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed intenzity<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201e\u0158\u00edkal jsem to jednou, \u0159\u00edkal jsem to dvakr\u00e1t, \u0159\u00edkal jsem to stokr\u00e1t!\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Inverze \u2013 zm\u011bna obvykl\u00e9ho slovosledu<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eV hlubok\u00e9m lese skr\u00fdval se vlk.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Elipsa \u2013 vynech\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u011bty, kter\u00e1 je jasn\u00e1 z kontextu<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eKdo do tebe kamenem, ty do n\u011bj chlebem.\u201c (m\u00edsto \u201eKdo hod\u00ed do tebe kamenem, ty ho obdaruj chlebem.\u201c)<\/p>\n

Asyndeton \u2013 vynech\u00e1n\u00ed spojek pro zrychlen\u00ed tempa textu<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eP\u0159i\u0161el, vid\u011bl, zv\u00edt\u011bzil.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Polysyndeton \u2013 nadm\u011brn\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed spojek pro zd\u016frazn\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eA sm\u00e1l se a plakal a k\u0159i\u010del a zp\u00edval.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Apostrofa \u2013 osloven\u00ed ne\u017eiv\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu, abstraktn\u00edho pojmu \u010di nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 osoby<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201e\u00d3 hory, jak jste n\u00e1dhern\u00e9!\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0158e\u010dnick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka \u2013 ot\u00e1zka, na kterou se neo\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u201eCopak bych ti n\u011bkdy lhal?\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Kde se s jazykov\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky setk\u00e1v\u00e1me?<\/h3>\n

Jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky nejsou jen dom\u00e9nou poezie. Najdeme je v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed komunikaci:<\/p>\n

\n
\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  • Reklamn\u00ed slogany:<\/strong> \u201eRed Bull v\u00e1m d\u00e1v\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddla.\u201c<\/em> (metafora), \u201eTak chutn\u00e1 po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u017e\u00edze\u0148.\u201c<\/em> (personifikace), \u201eSv\u011b\u017e\u00ed jako horsk\u00fd pramen.\u201c<\/em> (p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed)<\/li>\n
  • Novinov\u00e9 titulky:<\/strong> \u201eCeny rostou jako houby po de\u0161ti.\u201c<\/em> (p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed), \u201eBoj o Hrad vrchol\u00ed!\u201c<\/em> (metafora), \u201e\u0160okuj\u00edc\u00ed odhalen\u00ed v kauze X!\u201c<\/em> (gradace)<\/li>\n
  • Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b:<\/strong> Hashtagy a popisky \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tropy i figury, nap\u0159. \u201eL\u00e1ska je sladk\u00e1 jako med #relationshipgoals.\u201c (p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed), \u201eM\u016fj den byl jako horsk\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha…\u201c (metafora)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    \"tropy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n
    • P\u00eds\u0148ov\u00e9 texty:<\/strong> \u201eA ty jsi jako \u0159eka, co m\u011b st\u00e1le un\u00e1\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1l\u2026\u201c (p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed, metafora), \u201eSrdce mi tan\u010d\u00ed v rytmu tv\u00fdch slov.\u201c (personifikace)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat tropy a figury?<\/h3>\n

      M\u00e9n\u011b je n\u011bkdy v\u00edce<\/strong><\/h5>\n

      Pou\u017e\u00edvejte jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky s rozvahou, aby text neztratil p\u0159irozenost.<\/p>\n

      V\u017edy myslete na kontext<\/strong><\/h5>\n

      Ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo by m\u011blo b\u00fdt p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i a \u017e\u00e1nru.<\/p>\n

      Originalita je kl\u00ed\u010d<\/strong><\/h5>\n

      Vyhn\u011bte se kli\u0161\u00e9 a ot\u0159epan\u00fdm fr\u00e1z\u00edm. Hledejte nov\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Praktick\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky<\/h3>\n

      Vyzkou\u0161ejte si svou kreativitu:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Vytvo\u0159te <\/strong>kr\u00e1tk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed metaforu, personifikaci a p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • P\u0159epi\u0161te reklamn\u00ed slogan pomoc\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed metafory.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • Napi\u0161te <\/strong>b\u00e1sni\u010dku pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed alespo\u0148 t\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 tropy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Z\u00e1v\u011br: Kouzlo slov<\/h3>\n

        Jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky d\u011blaj\u00ed texty \u017eiv\u00fdmi, hrav\u00fdmi a zapamatovateln\u00fdmi. A\u0165 u\u017e p\u00ed\u0161ete rom\u00e1n, blog, \u010di reklamn\u00ed slogan, spr\u00e1vn\u011b zvolen\u00e1 slova mohou zm\u011bnit v\u0161e. Kl\u00ed\u010dem k\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bchu je jejich promy\u0161len\u00e9 a st\u0159\u00eddm\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Pamatujte, \u017ee i ta nejlep\u0161\u00ed metafora se p\u0159e\u010dten\u00e1 stokr\u00e1t stane pouhou fr\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n

        \u201eJazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky jsou jako ko\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 d\u00e1vka o\u017eiv\u00ed, p\u0159ehnan\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pokaz\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky obohacuj\u00ed texty a dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed jim hloubku. Seznamte se s tropy a figurami a zjist\u011bte, jak je efektivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt ve psan\u00ed i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":74655,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74339"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74339\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74705,"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74339\/revisions\/74705"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74339"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74339"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skrivanek.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}